选自《透视中国》，涵石，思宇，2009年10月21日
人们不难发现，在正常的社会里，存在一些必要的基本价值和制定宪法的基本原则。所有这些不仅适用于那些已经属于文明之列的正常社会，同样也是用正在摸索中的中国。
在一个多民族的社会里，有些必须是一致的，不可动摇的，他们是社会成员能够合作的基础：基本信念/基本价值观
【1 生命/Life】 个人的生命权应被视为神圣的，除了在某些高度限制和极端的情况下，如使用致命武力来保护自己或他人的生命。
【2 自由权/Liberty】 自由权被认为是人类生活中一个不变的部分。这个理念的核心是理解，没有人可以被指责或者被追究责任，因家人或祖先的政治责任。自由权包括：
- 个人自由–每个人都可以自由行动，思考和相信，他们的选择不受政府干预;
- 政治自由–参与政治进程，选择并删除公职人员，在法律规则之下被管理的权利;
- 信息和集会的权利;
- 经济自由– 赚钱的权利，自己的财产，找工作，其中一个选择，改变就业，以及参加任何合法的经济活动。
【3 幸福/The Pursuit of Happiness】 每个人的权利，试图以自己的方式找到幸福，只要不侵犯他人权利的侵犯。
【4 共同利益/Common Good】 个人必须接受他们的义务，造福社会和与他人合作为了更大的利益。
【5 公正权/Justice】 所有的人都应该得到公平和同等的对待，在接收的好处和社会的负担，错误和冤屈的修正，在获得信息和做出决定。
【6 平等权/Equality】 所有人拥有以下平等：
- 政治上平等–没被有否认，除非通过正当的法律程序；
- 法律平等–与被视为在法律面前平等;
- 社会平等–没有受法律制裁的等级制度;
- 经济平等–这往往要强化政治和社会平等。
【7 多样性/Diversity】 各种文化和民族背景，种族，生活方式和信仰不仅是允许的，也是可取的和有益的在一个多元社会。
【8 真实/Truth】 公民可以要求他们的政府讲真话是一种规则，因为对政府的信任是链接他与被统治者之间重要组成部分。
【9 人民主权/Popular Sovereignty】 作为整体，人民拥有高于国家的最高的权力，并且拥有政府官员和政治的授予权。
【10 爱国主义/Patriotism】 善良的公民展示出对国家的忠诚，包括对基本价值观和赖以的忠诚和
在制定宪法的过程中，有些必须是一致的，不可动摇的，他们是宪法建立的基础：宪法原则
【1 法律的规则/Rule of Law】 政府和被管理者都应受法律约束。
【2 分权/Separation of Powers】 立法，行政和司法权力应由不同的政府分支执行，以便保持对它们的限制。
【3 代表政府/Representative Government】依据宪法建立的共和体制是一种形式，公民选择其他人代表他们自己的利益
【4 制衡/Checks and Balances】 给予政府的三个分支的权力应该是平衡的和大致相等，这样没有一个分支可以支配其它。政府各分支也被授予权力，以保持对其他分支的制衡。
【5 个人权/Individual Rights】
个人拥有最根本的权利，这些不是通过政府建立的，但必须由政府来保护的。其中包括生命权，自由，经济自由和追求幸福的权利。保护这些权利是政府的目的，并且不可以不公平限制他们。
[6 宗教自由/Freedom of Religion] 宗教信仰自由被认为是每个人的自然权利，它必须永远是超越国家权力的控制。宗教信仰自由包括自由从事任何宗教或没有政府干预的没有宗教的权利。
【7 军队国家化/Civilian Control of the Military】 文职当局应当控制军队，避免军人干政，以确保宪政。
迄今为止，在过去的一百多年里各种党派进行了各种尝试，但是都失败了。直到90年代末期，民主宪政由在台湾的中国人创立。略有常识的人都可以意识到只有宪政之路才是中国大陆的人间正道。在全社会普及这些基本理念和原则，是中国当务之急。
—————————————————-
【附件】
http://nynpa.com/docs/nie/niematerials/WeThePeopleUnit2.pdf
10 Core American Values
individualism
belief that each person is unique, special and a “basic unit of nature”
emphasis on individual initiative
stress need for independence
premium on individual expression
value privacy
equality
open society that ideally treats everyone equally
little hierarchy
informal
directness in relations with others
materialism
a “right” to be well off and physically comfortable
judge people by their possessions
science and technology
values scientific approaches
primary source of good
major factor in change
progress and change
belief in changing self and country
“Manifest Destiny”
optimism — nothing is impossible
work and leisure
strong work ethic
work is the basis of recognition, power.
idleness seen as a threat to society
leisure is a reward for hard work
competition
aggressive and competitive nature encouraged
Be First (#1) mentality
mobility
a people on the move
vertical (social / economic) as well as physical mobility
volunteerism
belief in helping others (related to equality concept)
philanthropy admired
a personal choice not a communal expectation
involves associations / denominations rather than kin-groups
action and achievement oriented
emphasis on getting things done
priority on planning and setting goals
tendency to be brief and business like,
practical
measure results
focus on function and pragmatism
—————————————————-
Core American Values
In 1970 Robin Williams identified core American Values. They were:
- Equal Opportunity
- Achievement and Success
- Material Comfort
- Activity and Work
- Practicality and Efficiency
- Progress
- Science
- Democracy and Enterprise
- Freedom
—————————————————-
Core Democratic Values of American Constitutional Democracy
Core Democratic Values are the fundamental beliefs and constitutional principles of American society which unite all Americans. These values are expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution and other significant documents, speeches, and writings of the nation. Below is definition of some core democratic values.
基本信念
1 Life
The individual’s right to life should be considered sacred except in certain highly restricted and extreme circumstances, such as the use of deadly force to protect one’s own or others’ lives.
2 Liberty
The right to liberty is considered an unchangeable part of human life.
At the heart of this idea is the understanding that no one can be blamed or held accountable for personal or political obligations of family or ancestors that came before them. The right to liberty includes: personal freedom – each person is free to act, think and believe as they choose without interference from the government; political freedom – the right to participate in the political process, choose and remove public officials, to be governed under a rule of law; the right to information and assembly; economic freedom – the right to make money, own property, seek employment where one chooses, to change employment, and participate in any legal economic activity.
3 The Pursuit of Happiness
The right of each person to attempt to find happiness in their own way, so long as they do not infringe upon rights of others.
4 Common Good
Individuals must accept their obligation to promote the well being of the community and work with others for the greater benefit of all.
5 Justice
All people should be treated fairly and equally in regards to receiving the benefits and burdens of society, the correction of wrongs and injuries, and in the gathering of information and making of decisions.
6 Equality
All people have: political equality – and are not denied these rights unless by due process of law; legal equality – and are treated as equals before the law; social equality – and there should be no class system sanctioned by law; economic equality – which tends to strengthen political and social equality.
7 Diversity
Variety in culture and ethnic background, race, lifestyle, and belief is not only permissible but desirable and beneficial in a pluralistic society.
8 Truth
Citizens can demand that truth-telling by their government be the rule, since trust in their government is an essential part of the bond between the government and the governed.
9 Popular Sovereignty
The people as a whole have ultimate authority over the state and holds that authority over public officials and their policies.
10 Patriotism
Virtuous citizens display a devotion to their country, including devotion to the fundamental values and principles upon which it depends.
宪法原则
1 Rule of Law
Both government and the governed should be subject to the law.
2 Separation of Powers
Legislative, executive, and judicial powers should be carried out by different branches of government in order to maintain the limitations placed upon them.
3 Representative Government
The republican form of government established under the Constitution
is one in which citizens elect others to represent their interests.
4 Checks and Balances
The powers given to the three branches of government should be balanced and roughly equal so that no branch can dominate the others. Branches of government are also given powers to keep a check on the others.
5 Individual Rights
Individuals have certain basic fundamental rights that are not created by government but which still must be protected by the government. These include the right to life, liberty, economic freedom, and the pursuit of happiness. It is the purpose of government to protect these rights, and it may not place unfair restrictions on them. Many of these rights are found in the Bill of Rights.
6 Freedom of Religion
Religious liberty is considered to be a natural right of every person that must always be beyond the power of the state to control. Religious liberty includes the right to freely practice any religion or no religion without government interference.
7 Federalism
Power is shared between two levels of government: those of the state and those of the central (federal) authorities.
8 Civilian Control of the Military
Civilian authority should control the military in order to preserve
constitutional government.
Leave a Reply