真实的西安事变

浅墨,  08-20-2012

七十多年前中国发生了一场兵 变，西安事变。这场兵变改变了中国人民的命运，成为了历史上的一个转折点。七十多年后，通过老师我们了解到，西安事变的发动人，张学良是民族英雄，千古功 臣。事实上，真实的西安事变并非如此，而是张想利用共产党得到苏联的援助割据一地自立为王，结果反被共产党利用。

网络图片，历史教科书

为了达到占地为王的目的，张第 一次会晤周恩来时主动提出接济共产党。当时刚结束长征到达陕北的红军，面临着给养保障的大难题，张伸出援助之手，可谓是解了红军的燃眉之急。下面的史料可 以证明这一点。沈阳张氏大帅府原馆长杨景华：“1994年7月20日杨 尚昆到我馆参观时回忆，当年周恩来与张学良在肤施会谈后，张学良问周恩来，贵军有多少人？周恩来巧妙地伸出5个手指头，答说，共有5个军。张学良又问： “贵党有几位中央领导人？周恩来答，有五位（指张闻天、毛泽东、朱德、彭德怀、周恩来）。张学良听后讲，那我就送点生活费给五位领导人，表示一下意思。事 后，张学良派自己的粮秣处长张政枋用2辆汽车，将5万银圆，分装在23个麻口铁桶中，送给红军。”杨尚昆就是这批银圆的接收者，当时打开桶看到里面是全新 的银圆，流出了眼泪，感叹真是解了燃眉之急。从理论上来讲，杨尚昆不可能存在说谎情况，他曾任东征军的政治部主任及后来抗日政治部主任、前敌总指挥部主任 等职，其回忆是具有一定权威性和可信性的。从张与周第一次的会谈中可以清楚明白张是在献媚，而且这个献媚是有目的而为之。若是张不存在着占地为王的目的， 又怎么可能平白无故的一见面就自掏腰包要送礼？唯一可以解释的理由是，他在迫切的向共产党表明自己的诚心。

为了取得共产党的信任，红军筹划东征和西征之时军火皆由张支出。张与蒋是拜把子兄弟，剿共之时却倒戈相向与共产党称兄道弟起来了。下面的党史料可以证明张 在东征与西征之时给红军的援助以及所取得的肯定。1936年5月12日，周恩来与张学良秘晤于肤施。会谈中，周恩来向张学良通报了正在酝酿中的西征和出兵 陕南计划，着重地请张学良提供红军必要的现金和军火帮助，提出了七九子弹10万发的单子，要求将其中6万发运送至肤施城，另4万发送给将出陕南之部队。5 月22日，西征红军出发不久，周恩来致电东北军，商讨红军去陕南行军路线，要求张学良迅速依照前议调拨七九子弹10万发，从中抽3万发至4万发于临潼附 近，以便交红军去陕南的部队，其余子弹则仍依前定办法在肤甘之间转交红军。6 月1日，6万发子弹如约送到延安。王以哲电告周恩来：子弹6万发已至肤施，待弟到肤施后再电取法。对此，周恩来致电表示感谢：“承拨子弹，足证兄等待人如 己，不分界限，有如兄弟手足，曷胜感纫。”张的行为完全只是在力争红军的信任以便能达到自己想要的。反过来思考一下，张一直在表明自己想抗日不愿内战，自 己却在背后提供大批军火，支持红军打内战不抗日。他若不是心存想法，还需要如此争取红军的信任？答案是否定的，张需要共产党信肯定他的忠诚度，这样他才有 机会搭上苏联这根线。

为了得到苏联的援助，张曾主动申请加入中国共产党。由于张曾杀过苏联共产党人，中东路事件中又与苏联人结下梁子，对于张的入党申请苏联自是觉得不可靠，便 采取了拒绝态度。以下资料可以证明这一点：关于张学良要求加入共产党的情况，在1986年苏联出版的《共产国际与中国》的文件汇编里，就已经被披露出来 了。在那里公布了一封共产国际1936年8月 15日给中共中央的电报，其中就提到了这件事。电报明确提到了共产国际对这件事情的态度，即不同意中共中央根据张学良要求计划发展其入党的提议。这份文件 因为在1988年《中共党史研究》第2期上被专门译成了中文发表，故已为中国许多读者所知（摘自杨奎松《革命》）。张当时任西北剿匪副总司令，可以说已是 国民党二把手之位，按常理来说，他若没有谋逆之心又为何要转向加入中国共产党？况且张一向是个沉迷于女色与毒品的纨绔公子哥，在九一八事变时为保存实力， 不发一枪便把整个东北三省拱手相让日本，在蒋手下时更是不听指挥，自诩为我是“东北王”完全是一副我行我素的态度。试想这么一个人，怎么可能是真心实意的 要加入共产党呢？很显然，张的目的不是在抗日上而是在反蒋上，要反蒋以他当时自身的实力来说明显不够。若是转向加入共产党，那么情况就不同了，他成了共产 党苏联自会拥护他，而反蒋成功的几率自是变大了。

张与共产党达成协议，成立西北联合政府与国民政府分庭抗礼。协议在西安事变之前早已达成，由此可知西安事变不是偶然性的突发事件，而是早有预谋的兵变。从 当时情况来分析，是要成立张、样、共三位一体的三角联盟，一下资料可以证实这一点。1990年代报刊上曾经公开揭露：西安事变时，“张学良决心杀蒋并已选 定杀蒋人选”，而且张学良要联合杨虎城以及延安红军组建“西北联合军团”，建立以张学良为首、以西安为“西京”的“西北联合政府”并非是为了抗日。中共中 央的解密文件也曾披露出这件事，当时确实是要成立西北联合政府来与南京政府分庭抗礼，但是因为后来的苏联方面反对，便只能作罢。这两点都可以说明，张的割 据野心是确确实实存在的。自从东北三省被日本人占领之后，所谓的东北王便已是名存实亡，张生在土匪窝长在土匪窝，身上自是有一股土匪气息，窝都被日本人占 了，想重新割地自立为王再借助苏联力量打回东北老家去。张以抗日为名做掩盖，割据为王真实目的，这完全是符合逻辑常理的。就当时而言，在烽火连天的混乱时 代里，几个大军阀谁没有逐鹿中原的野心，只不过差一个机遇与实力而已，而张已是有了机遇，在实力上有三角联盟军，一切条件都已具备，怎么会不干？这也恰恰 从侧面证实了，西安事变是精心策划的阴谋事件。

张利用不成反被利用，西安事变之后共产党临时变卦。本是要成立西北联合政府的张在捉蒋之后全国乃至苏联都在谴责张是在以下犯上，扣押国家元首实乃名族罪 人，苏联则指责张受日本唆使，大骂是汉奸。张的行为在各界所造成重大反响，以及他的反思，下面一些情况可以说明。当得知张学良扣押蒋介石之后，大学生和人 民群众自行举行游街声讨张、杨二人行为。

网络图片

大公报数十万份，头版为张学良 最敬重的文人张季鸾撰写之《给西安军界的公开信》，劝告东北军将士迷途知返，勿误国误民。胡适、朱自清、冯友兰、闻一多等知名人士纷纷撰文谴责张、杨“名 为抗敌，实则自坏长城；系国家民族之罪人；破坏统一，罪恶昭著。”苏共中央机关报《真理报》发表社论，把张、杨的义举，说成是“叛变”，“利用抗日运动进 行投机”，甚至把西安事变同亲日派首领汪精卫联系在一起。共产国际机关刊物《国际通讯》则著文，斥责张学良为“叛徒”、“强盗”。 苏联驻华大使鲍格莫洛夫，还专门向孔祥熙表示，苏联政府与事变无关。中共中央在西安事变之后接到苏联命令不能杀蒋，迫于苏联压力毛泽东只有派周恩来到西安 去说服张学良释放蒋介石。这些情况都说明张捉蒋不得人心，面对各方舆论扑面而来，奇虎难下的张已是束手无策，苏联出乎意料的反应和共产党的临时变卦使得张 割据称王的梦全然破灭。苏联为什么会谴责张的行为？因为在1936年德日签署了防共协定，苏联怕杀蒋之后中国又将陷入军阀混战的混乱局面，会大大降低中国 的抗日能力，中国一亡日本马上就会入侵苏联。西安事变中不杀蒋是苏联从自身利益出发，中国充当了挡箭牌，但是，西安事变也让蒋停止了剿共，同时也给共产党 后来发展壮大取得天下带来了历史性转变的一幕。张曾在回忆录中说：“误长官，害朋友，毁部属莫此为甚！坐收其利者，反为共产党耳。”晚年时张更是声称自己 一生失败，是罪人中的罪魁。中共中央曾多次盛情邀请他回来看一看江东父老，张却一再找借口推脱其词，致死都不曾回祖国大陆，这都证明了张是被共产党反利用 了。

从以上种种不难看出，张既不是民族英雄，也不是千古功臣。所谓捉蒋抗日也只是为了某种政治需要而用来欺骗善良老百姓的谎言。对于那段历史毫不知情的中国人 而言，是错把谎言信奉成真理。晚年毛曾说，共产党能有今天全是托了张大帅的福，甚至大谈给他一个主席当都不为过。面对这段不真实的历史，中国人都被引进一 个设定好的圈套，沦为工具而不自知。在皇权至上的中国，老百姓只是统治阶级谋取政治利益的工具，价值观被严重污染过后扭曲成畸，盗贼亦可被奉为英雄。

参考资料来源： 张学良日记
《革命》杨奎松
张学良口述历史
张学良维基百科
人教版历史教科书
张学良西安事变回忆材料
《一寸山河一寸血》历史记录片
张学良西安事变前后接济了红军多少钱？
西安事变期间“三位一体”的军事协商与部署
西安事变新探－张学良与中共关系之研究，台北东大图书公司1995年版
有关张学良加入中共问题的探讨，《近代史研究》1995年第4期

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Xi’an Incident

By Qianmo Ruo, 08-20-2012

(Translation from original Chinese, by Yan Yi)

70 years ago in China, there occurred a mutiny called Xi’an Incident. This mutiny changed the destiny of the Chinese people, and became to a turning point of the China’s history. 70 years later, teacher educated us that Xueliang Zhang, the launching people of Xi An Incident, is a national hero. However, this is not the truth. The fact is that Zhang tried to utilize the China Communist Party (CCP) to take advantage of the Soviet Union power, in order to strengthen his own self-reliance, but was eventually manipulated by the CCP.

In order to achieve his purpose of self-reliance, Zhang proposed to support CCP when he met the CCP’s Premier Enlai Zhou at the first time. At that time, the CCP’s army faced very serious challenges of surviving because they just finished long march. Zhang’s support could be regard as a very important resource for CCP. The following historical materials could prove it. Jinghua Yang, the former curator of Shenyang Zhang’s Mansion, said: “On July 20, 1994, Shangkun Yang visited my museum, and told me his witness of Zhang and Zhou’s meeting. In the meeting, Zhang asked Zhou: ’How many people in your army?’ Zhou showed five fingers, meaning five troops. Then, Zhang asked Zhou: ’How many leaders do CCP have?’ Zhou also showed five fingers, meaning Wentian Zhang, Zedong Mao, De Zhu, Dehuai Peng, Enlai Zhou. After listening, Zhang decided to give some living expenses to five leaders, to show his means. Thus, he sent two trucks carrying five millions silver yuan to the CCP.” Shangkun Yang was the receiver of Zhang’s generous gift. When he saw that large amount of money, he burst into tears. Theoretically, it is impossible for him to lie. He used to serve as the head of political department of the CCP army, and the general commander of the CCP’s frontline. His testimony should be authoritative and credible. From the first meeting, it clearly showed that Xueliang Zhang was flattering CCP. Without the purpose of strengthening his own self-reliance, how could he send a huge gift to CCP by no means? The only explanation is he is eager to show his loyalty to CCP.

In order to obtain the trust of the CCP, Zhang paid all the expenses of weapon costs of CCP’s east and west war. Xueliang Zhang and Chiang Kai-shek were like brothers before, but he turned himself to the sponsor of CCP when Chiang tried to eliminated CCP. The following historical materials can prove the fact. On May 12, 1936, Premier Enlai Zhou and Xueliang Zhang met in Fushi. During the talks, Zhou informed Zhang the upcoming CCP’s plan of the east and west war, and asked Zhang to provide support to CCP’s army. Zhou’s request included 100,000 7.9mm bullets, of which 60,000 were sent to Fushi, and others were sent to Shannan. On May 22, not a long time after the departure of CCP’s army, Zhou made a call to Zhang, asking him to do exactly and immediately what he agreed to support in terms of 100, 000 bullets. On June 1, 60,000 rounds of ammunition was delivered to Yanan. Yizhe Wang telephoned Premier Zhou Enlai:”Bullets were already sent to Fushi.” Zhou replied: “Thanks for the bullets. It shows how you treat your brother, with no boundary.” The behavior of Zhang aimed to obtain the trust of CCP. Taking one step back, Zhang kept showing his attitude of rather fighting Japnese than fighting inside. However, he provided so many materias to CCP behine the scene, helping them in fight with Chiang Kai-shek. If he had not any ideas of himself, how could he try so hard to win the trust of CCP? The answer is only by winning the trust of CCP could he had the opportunity to get in touch with the Soviet Union.

In order to receive the assistance of the Soviet Union, Zhang once requested to join the CCP. Because Zhang killed the Communist members of the Soviet Union before, it seemed to them that Zhang is not a reliable person. Thus, his request was denied. The following information can prove this point: In the book Comintern and China published by the Soviet Union in 1986, it exposed the fact the Zhang requested to join the CCP. The book disclosed a telegraph from the Soviet Union to the CCP on February 15,1936. It mentioned the attitude of the Soviet Union, which means they refused the application of Zhang’s request. This document was translated into Chinese and published on The Study of China Communist Party,Volume 2. Thus, it was no longer a secret to Chinese people.At that time, Zhang was the chief commander of the north-west Nationalist army. It can be said that the if he has no conspiracy in heart, why turned himself into CCP? Moreover, Zhang was always a man addictive to women and drug. In 9.18 incident, he handed over the entire three provinces of northeast China without any fights. Zhang described himself as the “King of the Northeast”, and showed resistence toward Chiang Kai-shek. How could such a person was willing to join the CCP? It is clear that the purpose of him was not in fignting the Japanese, but Chiang Kai-shek. Joining the CCP would help him elevate the chance. Zhang imagined that if he joined the CCP, the Soviet Union would on his side.

Xueliang Zhang made an agreement with CCP in which they established a north-west coalition government sharing the same status with the nationalist government. This agreement was made before the Xi’an incident. It is easy to conclude that Xi’an incident was not an accident, but a premeditated mutiny. Based on the situation of that time, Zhang wanted to establish a triangle power consisting with Zhang, nationalist, and CCP. The following information can testify this. The 1990s newspaper had publicly disclosed: During the Xi’an incident, Zhang had made decision of killing Chiang Kai-shek; Zhang wanted to establish north-west coalition army with the general Hucheng Yang and the CCP’s army in Yanan; The purpose of establishing the north-west coalition government was not for fighting the Japanese. The declassified document of CCP had also disclosed this fact. A coalition government was supposed to be established to share the same status with the nationalist government, but finally aborted because of the protest of the Soviet Union. These two points can fully explain the personal ambition of Xueliang Zhang.Since the three provinces in northeast China were in Japanese occupation, the so-called northeast king was dead. Zhang grew in bandit, and acted like bandit. He wanted his revenge, with the assistent of the Soviet Union. It is logical that he covered his purpose of self-reliance with the excuse of anti-Japanese. In a time when the whole country was in chaos, every warlord was eager to find the power and the chance to become the king. Zhang almost had everything. How could he miss the chance? Thus, we can easily confirm that the Xi’an incident was a well-prepared plan.

Zhang did not succeed utilizing CCP, but was reversely manipulated by them. After Xi An Incident, the CCP changed its face. Zhang was supposed to establish a coalition government of the north and west. However, the whole country was condemning Zhang as a kidnapper. Even the Soviet Union accused Zhang as a traitor of China, aiming to benefit the Japanese. The behavior of Zhang caused huge repercussion in China’s society. When knowing that Xueliang Zhang detained Chiang Kai-shek, a great amount of students and civilians went on street, and showed their protest.

The headline of the newspaper Ta Kung Pao presented an article The Open Letter to the Military Members of Xian wrote by Jiliang Zhang who is the most admirable person of Xueliang Zhang. This article persuaded the northeast army to back to the right track, and not betry this country and its people. A number of celebrities like Shi Hu, Ziqing Zhu, Youlan Feng, Yiduo Wen, wrote articles condeming the behaviors of Xueliang Zhang and Hucheng Yang. They were labeled as the country’s criminal sabotaging the peace and the consistence. The Soviet Union newspaper Pravda published articles calling the behaviors of Zhang and Yang as “Mutiny” and “Use of the anti-Japanese movement for speculation ”. The Soviet Communism magazine International Newsletter rebuked them as “traitors” and “bandits”. Bauge Bogomolov, the Soviet Union ambassador in China, made a clarification to Xiangxi Kong that the Soviet government had nothing to do with the Xi’an incident. dalso devoted to the hole Sang-hee said that the Government of the Soviet Union and the incident. After the incident, the Soviet Union ordered the CCP to release Chiang Kai-shek. Under the pressure from the Soviet Union, Zedong Mao had to send Enlai Zhou to Xi’an to persuade Xueliang Zhang release Chiang Kai-shek.

All of these situations showed that seizing Chiang Kai-shek was an bad move, causing huge repercussion in the Chinese society. Xueliang Zhang was in dilemma for sure. The unexpected reaction of Soviet Union and the capricious face of CCP completely detroyed the dream of Zhang’s self-reliance. Why would the Soviet Union condemns Zhang’s behavior? In 1936, German and Japnese became allies. The Soviet Union worried that if China is in civil war, it will dramatically lower its capability of defending the Japan invader. Once China failed, the Soviet Union will be the next. Saving Chiang Kai-shek would directly benefit the Soviet Union. However, Xi’an incident made Chiang Kai-shek stop eliminating the CCP, which let them miraculously survive and grow. This is the turning point of the China’s history. Zhang has said in his memoirs: “I destructed my officer, my friends, and my army. I wish to manipulate others, but was manipulated by CCP.” In old age, Zhang claimed to a life of failure, as sinners in the culprit. The CCP has invited him to come back to Xi’an several times, but he never did. He never wanted to come back to China where he betrayed, to his death. All of these proved that Zhang was played by the CCP at the end.

From the above, it is not difficult to see that Zhang is not a national hero. The so-called fighting Japanese by seizing Chiang Kai-shek was a lie based on the political needs to deceive the Chinese civilians. For those people who do not understand that period of history, they wrongly believe the lie, and think it is the truth. Mao once said: “It is the Communist Party’s fortunate to have general Zhang. Without him, we cannot make it today. It is not exaggerating to give him the president of CCP.” In the face of the fake history, the Chinese people have been lead to a trap. In China where dictatorship rules, the people unconsciously became to the political tools used by the dictators to seek their own interests. After the China civilians’ values have been seriously distorted, kidnapper can be worshiped as hero.